Litchi?derived platinum group metal?free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline media

Within the framework of circular economy, waste litchi's skins were upgraded and transformed into electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) hydrogen evolution (HER). The pyrolyzed, activated, then used as carbon support fabricating metal–nitrogen–carbons (M–N–Cs) which belong to a promising class platinum group metal-free electrocatalysts. activated char was functionalized with transition metal (Fe, Ni, Co)- phthalocyanine (Pc) in monometallic bimetallic fashion by subjecting it thermal treatment at 600 900°C. samples 900°C showed higher performance HER due formation nanoparticles, whereas 600°C ORR. Particularly, sample Ni–Co 900 had an overpotential ?0.38 V HER, while Fe most active electrocatalyst ORR demonstrating onset potential ?0.9 (a half-wave ?0.81 V) least production unwanted peroxide anion.